teachers, they were subjected to many troublesome and humiliating conditions. Not one country is known where the Muslims, after conquering it, treated the inhabitants who were of another faith, as their fellow-citizens, with equal civil rights and duties. On the contrary, they were always dealt with as an inferior, conquered race, who had to look up to the Muslims as their masters. This practice was carried to such an extent, that, even in official documents, contemptuous and insulting appellations used to be applied to them. So it became abundantly manifest that the unnatural combination of religion and politics in Muhammadanism not only deprived the religious element of its spirituality and purity, but also prevented the Muhammadan governments from doing full justice to that first and plainest of the duties of a government, namely, to treat all their subjects with equality before the law, without respect of persons, and to seek to benefit them all alike. It is a real pleasure on this occasion to notice that in the largest of the existing Muslim states, i.e. in Turkey, the use of offensive terms in official documents, respecting subjects of another faith, has now for some years been forbidden,¹ and the latter are now very nearly treated by those in authority in the same way as the Muslims; but it is well known that this praiseworthy advance of a Muhammadan government in the path of justice and equity is by no means

owing to the teaching of the Qur'an, or the spirit of Islam, but to the wisdom with which the latest illustrious Sultans allowed themselves to be induced to benefit their realm by important reforms, adopted from the more advanced Christian governments of Europe. At all events this much is certain from what has been stated, that the mixture of religion and politics in Muhammadanism, originating the sanguinary wars, and organizing the vast armies that spread it, brought untold misery upon the nations to which it was offered, and that it caused the degradation and oppression to a deplorable extent of any people once subjected to Muhammadan sway. Christianity on the other hand, being a pure religion, was from the commencement intended to spread only by the peaceful means of persuasion and holy example; so much so, that if the government of any Christian land were to send forth an army to compel Muhammadans or idolaters to embrace Christianity, such conduct would be equally repugnant to the teaching of Christ, and the feelings of every true Christian. Now in spite of this difference, it is demonstrated that the latter has already, and is now, spreading far more rapidly throughout the world than the former. If, therefore, it is a fact of indisputable certainty, not only that Christianity spreads more steadily and more widely in the world than Islam, but also that it confers its benefits upon those who embrace it, without causing bloodshed,