E,. D. Ross. New York, 1900. The biography by Ross is the only at all adequate treatment of the life and times of Umar which yet exists. Of the Ruba'iyat themselves there are several adequate translations, e.g. by Whinfield, Payne and. Mrs. Cadell.
MARTIN SCHREINER: Zur Geschichte der Polemik zwischen Juden and Muhammedanern. ZDMG, xIii, pp. 591 ff. Deals with Ibn Hazm and Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi.
MARTIN SCHREINER: Beiträge zur Geschichte der theologischen Bewegungen in Islam. ZDMG, lii, pp. 463 ff.; 513 ff.; liii, pp. 51 ff. A most valuable collection of materials with considerable gaps and imperfect digestion.
D. B. MACDONALD: The Life of al-Ghazzali. In the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xx, pp. 71-132.
D. B. MACDONALD: Emotional Religion in Islam as affected by Music and Singing. Being a translation of a book of the Ihya of al-Ghazzali. In JRAS for April and October, 1901, and January, 1902.
MIGUEL ASIN PALACIOS: Algazel, dogmatica, moral, ascetica. Zaragoza, 1901.
C. BARBIER DE MEYNARD : Traduction nouvelle du Traite de Ghazzali, intitule Le Preservatif de l'Erreur. In JA, vii, 9, pp. 5 ff.
T. J. DE BOER: Die Widersprüche der Philosophie nach al-Ghazzali und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roshd. Strassburg, 1894.
A translation of al-Ghazzali's Tahafut has been begun by Carra de Vaux in Le Museon, xxviii, p. 143 (June, 1899).
IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: Materialien zur Kenntniss der Almohaden-bewegung in Nordafrika. ZDMG, xli, pp. 30 ff.
IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: Die Bekenntnissformeln der Almohaden. ZDMG, xliv, pp. 168 ff.
ROBERT FLINT: Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland. New York, 1894. Contains an excellent estimate of Ibn Khaldun as a philosophical historian.
A. VON KREMER: Ibn Chaldun and seine Culturgeschichte der islamischen Reiche. Wien, 1879.
ERNEST RENAN: Averroes et l'Averroisme. III edition. Paris, 1861. Reviewed by Dozy in JA, 5, ii, pp. 93 ff. This review contains a curious description of a Parliament of Religions at Baghdad about A. D. 1000.
Philosophie und Theologie von Arerroes. Aus den Arabischen

übersetzt von M. .J. Müller. München, 1875. The Arabic text was published by Muller in 1859.
LEON GAUTHIER: Ibn Thofail-Hayy ben Yaqdhan, roman philosophique. Texte arabe . . . et traduction francaise. Alger, 1900. There is an earlier edition of Ibn Tufayl's romance by the younger Pocock with a Latin version. Oxford, 1671.
M. A. F. MEHREN: Correspondance du Philosophe Soufi ibn Sab'in Abd oul-Hagq avec d'Empereur Frederic II: de Hohenstaufen. In JA, vii, 14, pp. 341 ff.
S. GUYARD: Abd ar-Razzaq et son traite de la Predestination et du libre arbitre. In JA, vii, 1, pp. 125 ff.
A. DE KREMER: Notice sur Sha'rany. In JA, vi, 11, pp. 253 ff.
G. FLÜGEL: Scha'rani and sein Werk uber die muhammadanische Glaubenslehre. ZDMG, xx, p. 1 ff.
IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte der Shi'a. Wien, 1874.
JAMES L. MERRICK: The Life and .Religion of Mohammed, as contained in the Sheeah Traditions of the Hyat-ul-Kuloob. Boston, 1850.
J. B. RÜLING: Beiträge zur Eschatologie des Islam. Leipzig, 1895.
L. GAUTHIER: Ad-dourra al-fakhira; la perle precieuse de Ghazali. Genève, 1878: In Arabic and French; a valuable account of Muslim eschatology.
M. WOLFF: Muhammedanische Eschatologie. Leipzig, 1872. In Arabic and German; an account of popular Muslim eschatology.
DEPONT ET CAPPOLANI: Les Confreries religieuses Musulmanes. Alger, 1897.
SNOUCK HURGRONJE: Les Confreries religieuses, la Meque et le Panislamisme, in Revue de l'histoire des religions, xliv, pp. 262 ff.